Hubert Klumpner: Katalogdaten im Frühjahrssemester 2024 |
| Name | Herr Prof. Hubert Klumpner |
| Lehrgebiet | Architektur und Städtebau |
| Adresse | Professur Architekt. u. Städtebau ETH Zürich, ONA J 14 Neunbrunnenstr. 50 8093 Zürich SWITZERLAND |
| Telefon | +41 44 633 90 78 |
| Fax | +41 44 633 11 83 |
| klumpner@arch.ethz.ch | |
| Departement | Architektur |
| Beziehung | Ordentlicher Professor |
| Nummer | Titel | ECTS | Umfang | Dozierende | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 052-0708-00L | Urban Design IV  | 2 KP | 2V | H. Klumpner, F. T. Salva Rocha Franco | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | Students are introduced to a narrative of 'Urban Stories' through a series of three tools driven by social, governance, and environmental transformations in today's urbanization processes. Each lecture explores one city's spatial and organizational ingenuity born out of a particular place's realities, allowing students to transfer these inventions into a catalog of conceptual tools. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | How can students of architecture become active agents of change? What does it take to go beyond a building's scale, making design-relevant decisions to the city rather than a single client? How can we design in cities with a lack of land, tax base, risk, and resilience, understanding that Zurich is the exception and these other cities are the rule? How can we discover, set rather than follow trends and understand existing urban phenomena activating them in a design process? The lecture series produces a growing catalog of operational urban tools across the globe, considering Governance, Social, and Environmental realities. Instead of limited binary comparing of cities, we are building a catalog of change, analyzing what design solutions cities have been developing informally incrementally over time, why, and how. We look at the people, institutions, culture behind the design and make concepts behind these tools visible. Students get first-hand information from cities where the chair as a Team has researched, worked, or constructed projects over the last year, allowing competent, practical insight about the people and topics that make these places unique. Students will be able to use and expand an alternative repertoire of experiences and evidence-based design tools, go to the conceptual core of them, and understand how and to what extent they can be relevant in other places. Urban Stories is the basic practice of architecture and urban design. It introduces a repertoire of urban design instruments to the students to use, test, and start their designs. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | Urban form cannot be reduced to physical space. Cities result from social construction, under the influence of technologies, ecology, culture, the impact of experts, and accidents. Urban un-concluded processes respond to political interests, economic pressure, cultural inclinations, along with the imagination of architects and urbanists and the informal powers at work in complex adaptive systems. Current urban phenomena are the result of urban evolution. The facts stored in urban environments include contributions from its entire lifecycle, visible in the physical environment, but also for non-physical aspects. This imaginary city exists along with its potentials and problems and with the conflicts that have evolved. Knowledge and understanding, and critical observation of the actions and policies are necessary to understand the diversity and instability present in the contemporary city and understand how urban form evolved to its current state. How did cities develop into the cities we live in now? Urban plans, instruments, visions, political decisions, economic reasonings, cultural inputs, and social organizations have been used to operate in urban settlements in specific moments of change. We have chosen cities that exemplify how these instruments have been implemented and how they have shaped urban environments. We transcribe these instruments into urban operational tools that we have recognized and collected within existing tested cases in contemporary cities across the globe. This lecture series will introduce urban knowledge and the way it has introduced urban models and operational modes within different concrete realities, therefore shaping cities. The lecture series will translate urban knowledge into operational tools extracted from cities where they have been tested and become exemplary samples, most relevant for understanding how the urban landscape has taken shape. The tools are clustered in twelve thematic clusters and three tool scales for better comparability and cross-reflection. The Tool case studies are compiled into a global urbanization toolbox, which we use as typological models to read the city and critically reflect upon it. The presented contents are meant to serve as inspiration for positioning in future professional life and provide instruments for future design decisions. In an interview with a local designer, we measure our insights against the most pressing design topics in cities today, including inclusion, affordable housing, provision of public spaces, and infrastructure for all. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | The learning material, available via https://moodle-app2.let.ethz.ch/ is comprised of: - Toolbox 'Reader' with an introduction to the lecture course and tool summaries - Weekly exercise tasks - Infographics with basic information of each city - Quiz question for each tool - Additional reading material - Interviews with experts - Archive of lecture recordings | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | - Reading material will be provided throughout the semester. - Please see ‘Skript’, (a digital reader is available). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | "Semesterkurs" (semester course) students from other departments, students taking this lecture as GESS / Studium Generale course, and exchange students must submit a research paper, which will be subject to the performance assessment: "Bestanden" (pass) or "Nicht bestanden" (failed). The performance assessment type for "Urban Design III: Urban Stories" taken as a semester course is categorized as "unbenotete Semesterleistung" (ungraded semester performance). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 052-0726-24L | ACTION! On the Filmed City: What Is Not There In Front of Us  | 2 KP | 2U | H. Klumpner, C. E. Papanicolaou | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | In a digital and hyperconnected world, we sometimes see, feel, perceive and sense what is 'not there in front of us'. How can we give that shape through film? Students will respond to this questions through short, experimental films that will aim to articulate how cities today may be reimagined and reappropriated by its inhabitants in new and inventive ways. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | Through a combination of practical exercises in video and audio techniques in parallel with the study of seminal observation-driven texts like, this course aims to equip students with the basic tools and core principles to create short but complex portraits of urban space. This semester, these approaches will focus on the idea of 'what is not there in front of you'. What are the hidden lifeworlds of a place? How can we reach towards and articulate faraway realities that feel uncannily close? Through repeat observation, students will collectively create mosaics of their impressions, manifested through documentary film, digital animation, and other methods. Using widely available recording tools and editing software, students will turn their fieldwork into short video or audio works of about 3-5 minutes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | The course will compose of lectures, practical crash courses in media use and storytelling, and fieldwork sessions. The course will be a laboratory in the creation of short media works that aim to inform the architectural design process, working between the city and the studio in ONA. Students will be expected to complete all required work within the hours that the elective meets, with few requirements outside of the class hours. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | Seminal texts include: - ‘Cross-Cultural Filmmaking’ (Barbash, Castaing-Taylor) - ‘Acoustic Territories’ (LaBelle) - 'Ethnography: Principles in Practice' (Hammersley, Atkinson) - 'Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture (Geertz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Language of Instruction: English For students from all disciplines. Software required: Adobe Premiere Pro Adobe After Effects | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kompetenzen |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 052-0728-24L | 4D-Geodesigning Urban Transformation | 3 KP | 3G | S. Wälty, H. Klumpner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | This course tackles critical urban planning issues through advanced technology for analysis and communication. Students actively engage with building and zoning regulations, involving the reconstruction, reformulation, and simulation/virtualization in web-based 4D urban models. Ongoing exchanges through peer review activities in class enrich the learning experience. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | - Analyze the past and present, and design, present, and discuss future living spaces in 4D. - Read, understand, deconstruct, and formulate new zoning and building rules (BNOs). - Set up an ArcGIS Urban model, integrate current and new urban rules, and visualize/simulate development scenarios/variations of urban designs. - Encourage cross-disciplinary, project-based learning through teamwork and peer reviews, facilitating the acquisition of transferable skills. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | This course addresses crucial urban transformation issues at the 10-minute-neighbourhood level. Leveraging technology, communication, and online materials, it combines opportunities for online interaction with traditional place-based teaching methods. It can be offered as an elective with exercises or as an integrated discipline in design classes. The online material also supports self-paced learning. (i) Students actively engage with building and land use regulations by reconstructing them in a 3D model, formulating new 3D regulations based on design and land use criteria, and simulating possible developments in 4D. Collaboration among students from different disciplines, working in teams and sharing knowledge through mutual work and peer reviews, enhances cross-disciplinary learning. (ii) Urban design lecturers benefit from being relieved of the task of teaching software, focusing more on design aspects in their classes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | A time and workload (in addition to the course) of 70 hours is to be expected. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kompetenzen |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 052-1140-24L | Architectural Design V-IX: Central Park Brasilândia (H.Klumpner) Please register (www.mystudies.ethz.ch) only after the internal enrolment for the design classes (see http://www.einschreibung.arch.ethz.ch/design.php). Project grading at semester end is based on the list of enrolments on 29.3.2024, 24:00 h. This is the ultimate deadline to unsubscribe or enroll for the studio! | 14 KP | 16U | H. Klumpner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | How can the de-industrialization of the neighborhood, Brasilândia, provide an opportunity to design a new centrality? How can we transform an abandoned mine into a central park? How can this prototype be evaluated and upscaled into a city-scale green system? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | Students are introduced to tools and immersed in our Chair’s “method-design” to develop their prototypical design projects by: 1) Base-Line: Designing across a continuum of architectural, urban, and planning scales to collaboratively develop a basis for how the city is now. 2) Mapping: Identifying existing and future challenges and opportunities, taking on the stakeholder role, and visualizing demands and resources into three different scenarios. 3) Concept Design: Developing an urbanistic synthesis and translating concepts into an evidence-based prototypical architectural project - intervention. 4) Prototype Design: Presenting the synthesis of the process in time and space on different scales, framed as a narrative, consequentially developed and communicated in analog and digital graphic representations. 5) Upscaling: Testing project concepts and upscaling prototypes through design-policy recommendations to facilitate transferability in São Paulo and other cities. The Design Studio’s thesis revolves around imagining São Paulo as a city committed to Socio-Environmental Justice, local and municipal urban ecosystem adaptation, and promoting a healthy environment and well-being. In the context of climate change, widespread inequalities, and new urban transformation projects, it will be vital to co-design a human-nature-oriented city that invests in the urban regenerative processes, promotes biodiversity and circularity within resource constraints, and balances private and public interest. Undergoing transformation, São Paulo has a range of urban and environmental tools, including the 2014 Master Plan, recognized by UN-Habitat as one of the best practices related to the UN's New Urban Agenda*. Additionally, the city has adopted a Climate Action Plan 2020-2050 outlining objectives for decarbonizing and mitigating inequalities. Despite these initiatives, São Paulo faces the ongoing challenge of translating guidelines into tangible urban and environmental prototypical transformations, particularly at the local scale, involving democratic management mechanisms. Architecture and Urban Design are at the forefront of making transformations visible in preparation for promoting social and environmental justice. The next generation of designers provides places of coexistence, biodiversity, and quality of life, which are essential for human and non-human beings. This way opportunities, traditional and contemporary knowledge, and technologies are translated into new spatialities. Changing the landscape and regenerating open and democratic neighborhoods full of architectural and nature-based opportunities. The Studio will engage with a team of experts and policymakers from the city, members of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo (FAU-USP), and advocates for urban and environmental causes. *UN-Habitat Brazil, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | São Paulo, the second-largest city in the Western Hemisphere, is known for its diverse social, environmental, governmental, and architectonic inequalities. Its urban landscape is in the contrasts, encompassing diverse elements: forests, waterfalls, rural areas, indigenous villages, financial centers with corporate towers, and iconic buildings designed by architects like Lina Bo Bardi, Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Oscar Niemeyer, and Villanova Artigas. Also, it features historic buildings from the colonial, modern, and industrial periods alongside informal settlements, often situated in landslide-prone regions and near flood-prone river zones. Socially, Brasilândia is a low-income neighborhood challenged by growing favelas, ongoing infrastructure projects, post-industrial abandoned factories, and minimal green spaces, resulting in the city’s lowest life expectancy rates for its citizens. Environmentally, this neighborhood is at risk of landslides and flooding, limiting access to public spaces and basic services. Regarding justice, the São Paulo Government is committed to the Climate Action Plan 2020-2050, aiming to reduce greenhouse gases, achieve net-zero emissions, and promote resilience in the most vulnerable areas, attempting to develop innovative and sustainable urban prototypes. The learning goal of Central Park Brasilândia is to design a public park addressing three adjacent areas: a zone of favelas along a river, new transport infrastructure, including a metro and highway, and a network of cultural and social facilities. The design studio focuses on the transformative regeneration of the city on three scales: A) City Scale: 1:150.000 / São Paulo as a whole: Mobility network, zoning, water systems, informal settlements, urban and rural zones, environmentally protected areas. B) Regional Scale: 1:20.000 / North Zone: New orange subway line, Special Zones of Social Interest, Serra da Cantareira, High Voltage Power Grid, Informal settlements, Ring Road (Rodoanel), Tietê River and its tributaries. C) Local Scale: 1:2.000 / Project site: Morro Grande Planned Park (abandoned mine) and the former industrial and cultural facilities associated with it, the future Brasilândia metro station, informal settlements, rivers, and green areas, a network of social facilities. Socio-Environmental Justice forms the basis for sustainable development models, like the emerging Central Park in Brasilândia. This is the Design Studio’s foundation for imagining new urban and ecological systems that enhance biodiversity, circularities, agroecology, food production, green jobs, and facilitate diverse community and cultural events. Designing a green and civic metropolitan center in the periphery of São Paulo could become a prototype and a city-scale reference, addressing the climate emergency locally and extending its impact beyond São Paulo and Brazil. In the frame of co-creating new systems of repair, care, resourceful use of, and innovation, São Paulo can re-imagine and re-build its new urban central park as sociocultural and agroecological centrality. This reimagination involves creating innovative spaces for sustainable living for humans and non-humans, fostering participative learning, facilitating knowledge transfer, and contributing to economic development. The aim is to promote social and ecological cohesion and inclusion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Method-design: We systematically engage students in the semester research topic to unlock their potential and skills towards developing prototypical design resolution on an urban and architectural scale. Identifying, understanding, and developing local stakeholder networks to translate challenges into opportunities and negotiate diverse interests into strategic ideas for development, geo-references, interlinked systems, diagrams, and maps.We develop design concepts for urban prototypes on different scales, framed by a narrative of a process that is consequentially visualized and communicated in analog and digital tools. - Investigative Analysis/ Local Perspective: We register the existing, prioritizing challenges and opportunities through qualitative and quantitative information; mapping on different design scales and periods; configuring stakeholder groups; connecting top-down and bottom-up initiatives; idea mapping and concept mapping; designing citizen scenarios. - Project Design: Synthesizing between different scenarios and defining a thesis and program between beneficiaries and stakeholders; we project process presentation as a narrative embedded in multiple steps; describing an urban and architectural typology and prototypes; defining an urban paradigm. - Domain Shift: We shift and translate different domains, test and evaluate the design in feedback loops, and include projects into the Urban Toolbox. From our Urban Stories lecture series, we have developed an urban toolbox that translates urban knowledge of internationally recognized development examples into strategic tools. We reference permanent and temporary strategies such as the destruction and re-construction of Berlin, Informal settlement upgrading in Capetown, Chengyecheon River Park, Seoul, Isarpark, Schlachthof / Munich, Corredores Verdes / Medellin or Cali, communal target-plan Zurich, open streets in Sao Paulo or Bogota, etc. These spatial processes follow a widely known practice of consolidating a sequence of transformations and short-term strategies for long-term value production. Urban and Landscape Design can impact cities by increasing social justice, health, and well-being. The development of robust frameworks adaptable to change enables processes for regeneration with long-term operational, environmental, and social benefits in response to global, local, and site-specific challenges. The role of architects is to imagine and model sustainable urban scenarios, recognizing new possibilities to create multidimensional transformative design strategies with long-term benefits for people, nature, and cities. Students have access to the Chair’s research catalog on qualitative and quantitative information, using data and digital models, some generated through Point Clouds, or the three-dimensional Digital-Twin Model of São Paulo and Brasilândia. They will map, analyze, and construct their conceptual design framework that re-imagines the historic city's colonial and modern development, proposing a central park relating to the new hub of the metrô station, the informal settlements, and cultural and social facilities, integrating them along urban and ecological systems that achieve the whole metropolitan region of São Paulo. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | Reading, research material and reading references /case studies will be provided throughout the semester. Access to the Chair`s student server will be given upon final registration. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Team: Prof. Hubert Klumpner Diogo Figueiredo Alejandro Jaramillo Quintero Melika Konjičanin Fernando Túlio Salva Rocha Franco* * Brazilian/Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship 2022-23 In collaboration with: FAU-USP | Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of University of São Paulo Prof. Dr. Nabil Bonduki and Prof. Dr. Denise Duarte Perifa Sustentável Institute Amanda Costa, Gabriela Alves, Mahryan Sampaio D-BAUG Eawag Dr. João P. Leitão, Lucas Gobatti SwissNex Brazil Introduction to graphic and digital tools: Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign, Q-GIS, Rhino, and Grasshopper Organization: Architectural Design V-IX | ECTS Credits - 14 Integrated Discipline Planning | ECTS Credits – 3 Work: Group work during research / Individual project design Language: German, English, Spanish and Portuguese Location: ONA, E25 Participants: max. 24 students All inquiries can be directed to Diogo Figueiredo: figueiredo@arch.ethz.ch | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kompetenzen |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 064-0018-24L | Research Methods in Landscape and Urban Studies: Writing Urban Landscapes of the Anthropocene Findet dieses Semester nicht statt. | 3 KP | 2K | F. Persyn, T. Avermaete, T. Galí-Izard, H. Klumpner, C. Schmid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | This course addresses the specificity of writing about the urban, landscape, and territory in the Anthropocene. The seminar surveys key writings, ideas, and figures in the Anthropocene debate in conversation with critiques from environmental humanities and postcolonial studies. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | Anthropocene has emerged as a contested yet transdisciplinary term to describe the planetary condition under climate change and environmental catastrophe. While being attendant to its critiques, the Anthropocene discourse provides researchers from critical landscape and urban research to engage with a diversity of fields such as earth sciences, art, environmental humanities, agrarian, literary, and cultural studies. This course addresses the specificity of writing about the urban, landscape, and territory in the Anthropocene. The seminar surveys key writings, ideas, and figures in the Anthropocene debate in conversation with critiques from environmental humanities and postcolonial studies. A number of invited guests working at the forefronts of Anthropocene research will bring seminar participants into their research and writing process. Additionally, the seminar will offer a number of hands-on critical writing and peer-review sessions to help the seminar participants develop and work with the allegories of the Anthropocene. Typically, the seminar sessions will alternate between inputs by invited guests, reading and discussion sessions, tutorials, and peer-review. The invited guests will provide a behind-the-scenes look into their writing process, including how they structure their arguments, organise their sources and materials, and find inspiration in their writing process. During the first half of the tutorial sessions, the seminar participants will discuss and debate a requisite reading followed by a writing tutorial and feedback session based on the texts. The seminar participants can choose to present the work developed during the seminar at the LUS Doctoral Crits organised at the end of the semester. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | The seminar would be organised the following sessions and will culminate with LUS Doctoral Crits organised at the end of the semester: 24.02 Introduction – Writing in the Anthropocene - Nitin Bathla 03.03 Botanical City - Sandra Jasper 10.03 Histories of Settlement workshop - Hollyamber Kennedy & Anooradha Siddiqi 17.03 Landscapes in deep time: Nuclear Waste and the Swiss Alps - Rony Emmenegger 31.03 Landscapes of the empire - Hollyamber Kennedy 21.04 Territories of Swiss Colonialism - Denise Bertschi 28.04 A guided walk through the multispecies landscape of Zurich- Flurina Gardin 05.05 Geological Filmmaking - Laura Coppens 12.05 Landscapes of fossil capitalism - Giulia Scotto 19.05 LUS Doctoral Crits | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | Voie, Christian Hummelsund. "Nature writing in the Anthropocene." In Routledge Handbook of Ecocriticism and Environmental Communication, pp. 199-210. Routledge, 2019. Boes, Tobias, and Kate Marshall. "Writing the AnthropoceneAn Introduction." the minnesota review 2014, no. 83 (2014): 60-72. Gandy, Matthew, and Sandra Jasper, eds. The botanical city. Jovis Berlin, 2020. Kennedy, Hollyamber. "Infrastructures of “legitimate violence”: The Prussian Settlement Commission, internal colonization, and the migrant remainder." Grey Room 76 (2019): 58-97. Emmenegger, Rony. "Deep Time Horizons: Vincent Ialenti’s Deep Time Reckoning: How Future Thinking Can Help Earth Now. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press." Anthropocenes–Human, Inhuman, Posthuman 2, no. 1 (2021). Grommen, Ciel, Denise Bertschi, Tali Serruya, Karim Bel Kacem, Carol Joo Lee, Yeji Lee, and Seyoung Yoon. "Territories of Assembly." In Artsonje Art Centre, Seoul. 2014. Litvintseva, S., 2018. Geological Filmmaking: Seeing Geology Through Film and Film Through Geology. Transformations. Scotto, Giulia. "Between Visible and Invisible: ENI and the Building of the African Petroleumscape." In Oil Spaces, pp. 84-108. Routledge, 2021. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | The seminar is jointly organized by the coordinator of the Doctoral Programme in Landscape and Urban Studies, and the I-LUS faculty. The seminar is open to all researchers working at the urban landscape and territorial scale regardless of where they might be in their research provided they are in the process of developing a work of academic writing such as research plan, an article, or a design manifesto. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kompetenzen |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||