Suchergebnis: Katalogdaten im Herbstsemester 2021
Erdwissenschaften Master  | ||||||
 Vertiefung in Geophysics | ||||||
| Pflichtmodule Geophysics | ||||||
| Geophysics: Methods I | ||||||
| Nummer | Titel | Typ | ECTS | Umfang | Dozierende | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 651-4005-00L | Geophysical Data Processing | W+ | 3 KP | 2G | C. V. Cauzzi, L. Passarelli | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | This course presents fundamental digital signal processing and filter theory with a focus on geophysical applications. | |||||
| Lernziel | The goal of the course is to provide an understanding of the principles of digital signal processing and filter theory. Form: two hours lecture with two hours of computer based exercises per week over 7 weeks. | |||||
| Inhalt | Analog-digital conversion: dynamic range and resolution; Dirac-impulse, step function; Laplace transformation; Z-transformation; Differential equations of linear time-invariant systems; Examples: seismometer and RC-filter; Impulse response and transfer function; Frequency selective filters: example Butterworth filters; Digital filters: impulse invariance and bilinear transformation; Inverse filters; Response spectra. | |||||
| Skript | Lecture notes will be made available for download from the website of the course. | |||||
| Literatur | The class follows no single book. A list of relevant texts will be given in class. | |||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Assumed existing knowledge: (a) time series, discrete systems, Fourier transform, convolution, power spectrum, correlation, stochastic time series (a course dealing with these topics is "Analysis of Time Series in Environmental Physics and Geophysics"); (b) Matlab. Students must bring their own laptop in class for Matlab exercises. | |||||
| 651-4241-00L | Numerical Modelling I and II: Theory and Applications | W+ | 6 KP | 4G | T. Gerya | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | In this 13-week sequence, students learn how to write programs from scratch to solve partial differential equations that are useful for Earth science applications. Programming will be done in MATLAB and will use the finite-difference method and marker-in-cell technique. The course will emphasise a hands-on learning approach rather than extensive theory. | |||||
| Lernziel | The goal of this course is for students to learn how to program numerical applications from scratch. By the end of the course, students should be able to write state-of-the-art MATLAB codes that solve systems of partial-differential equations relevant to Earth and Planetary Science applications using finite-difference method and marker-in-cell technique. Applications include Poisson equation, buoyancy driven variable viscosity flow, heat diffusion and advection, and state-of-the-art thermomechanical code programming. The emphasis will be on commonality, i.e., using a similar approach to solve different applications, and modularity, i.e., re-use of code in different programs. The course will emphasise a hands-on learning approach rather than extensive theory, and will begin with an introduction to programming in MATLAB. | |||||
| Inhalt | A provisional week-by-week schedule (subject to change) is as follows: Week 1: Introduction to the finite difference approximation to differential equations. Introduction to programming in Matlab. Solving of 1D Poisson equation. Week 2: Direct and iterative methods for obtaining numerical solutions. Solving of 2D Poisson equation with direct method. Solving of 2D Poisson equation with Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi iterative methods. Week 3: Solving momentum and continuity equations in case of constant viscosity with stream function/vorticity formulation. Weeks 4: Staggered grid for formulating momentum and continuity equations. Indexing of unknowns. Solving momentum and continuity equations in case of constant viscosity using pressure-velocity formulation with staggered grid. Weeks 5: Conservative finite differences for the momentum equation. "Free slip" and "no slip" boundary conditions. Solving momentum and continuity equations in case of variable viscosity using pressure-velocity formulation with staggered grid. Week 6: Advection in 1-D. Eulerian methods. Marker-in-cell method. Comparison of different advection methods and their accuracy. Week 7: Advection in 2-D with Marker-in-cell method. Combining flow calculation and advection for buoyancy driven flow. Week 8: "Free surface" boundary condition and "sticky air" approach. Free surface stabilization. Runge-Kutta schemes. Continuity-based velocity interpolation. Week 9: Solving 2D heat conservation equation in case of constant thermal conductivity with explicit and implicit approaches. Week 10: Solving 2D heat conservation equation in case of variable thermal conductivity with implicit approach. Temperature advection with markers. Creating thermomechanical code by combining mechanical solution for 2D buoyancy driven flow with heat diffusion and advection based on marker-in-cell approach. Week 11: Implementation of radioactive, adiabatic and shear heating to the thermomechanical code. Week 12: Programming of solution of coupled solid-fluid momentum and continuity equations for the case of melt percolation in a rising mantle plume. Week 13: Subgrid diffusion of temperature and its implementation. Implementation of temperature-, pressure- and strain rate-dependent viscosity, temperature- and pressure-dependent density and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity to the thermomechanical code. Final project description for slab breakoff modeling. GRADING will be based on weekly programming homeworks (50%) and a term project (50%) to develop an application of their choice to a more advanced level. | |||||
| Literatur | Taras Gerya, Introduction to Numerical Geodynamic Modelling. Second edition. Cambridge University Press 2019 | |||||
| Geophysics: Methods II | ||||||
| Nummer | Titel | Typ | ECTS | Umfang | Dozierende | |
| 651-4001-00L | Geophysical Fluid Dynamics | W+ | 3 KP | 2G | J. A. R. Noir | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | Fluid mechanics is one of the fundamental building blocks of modern geophysics. This course aims to provide the students with the basic tools used in fluid dynamics studies of geophysical-astrophysical problems. The course is a combination of lectures, exercises and demo experiments. | |||||
| Lernziel | The goal of this course is to introduce you to some fundamental concepts of fluid dynamics, dimensional analysis and scaling laws. A particular attention is given to the assumptions and approximations underlying the derivations of the equations in various situations. The lectures are a mix of table top experiments, everyday observations and theoretical derivations. | |||||
| Inhalt | 1)Fundamentals of fluid mechanics. 2)Ideal inviscid fluids. 3)Incompressible viscous fluids. 4)Advanced topics, one of the following: -Elements of Thermal convection. -Rotating fluids. -Stratified fluids. -Instabilities and Turbulence. | |||||
| Skript | The slides of last year presentations will be made available at the beginning of the semester, they may be subject to changes during the lectures. | |||||
| Literatur | M. Rieutord, Springer 2015, Fluid dynamics - An Introduction: The book is available as a pdf for ETH student (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-09351-2) | |||||
| 651-4007-00L | Continuum Mechanics | W+ | 3 KP | 2V | T. Gerya | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | In this course, students learn crucial partial differential equations (conservation laws) that are applicable to any continuum including the Earth's mantle, core, atmosphere and ocean. The course will provide step-by-step introduction into the mathematical structure, physical meaning and analytical solutions of the equations. The course has a particular focus on solid Earth applications. | |||||
| Lernziel | The goal of this course is to learn and understand few principal partial differential equations (conservation laws) that are applicable for analysing and modelling of any continuum including the Earth's mantle, core, atmosphere and ocean. By the end of the course, students should be able to write, explain and analyse the equations and apply them for simple analytical cases. Numerical solving of these equations will be discussed in the Numerical Modelling I and II course running in parallel. | |||||
| Inhalt | A provisional week-by-week schedule (subject to change) is as follows: Weeks 1,2: The continuity equation Theory: Definition of a geological media as a continuum. Field variables used for the representation of a continuum.Methods for definition of the field variables. Eulerian and Lagrangian reference frames. Continuity equation in Eulerian and Lagrangian forms. Derivation of Eulerian continuity equation from simple principles. Advective transport term. Incompressible continuity equation. Exercise: Computing the divergence of velocity field. Weeks 3,4: Density and gravity Theory: Density of rocks and minerals. Thermal expansion and compressibility. Dependence of density on pressure and temperature. Equations of state. Poisson equation for gravitational potential and its derivation from simple principles. Exercises: Computing density, thermal expansion and compressibility from an equation of state. Derivation of gravitational acceleration and its divergence from gravitational potential. Weeks 5,6: Stress and strain Theory: Deformation and stresses. Definition of stress, strain and strain-rate tensors. Deviatoric stresses. Mean stress as a dynamic (nonlithostatic) pressure. Stress and strain rate invariants. Exercises: Analysing strain rate tensor for solid body rotation. Computing stress invariants Weeks 7,8: The momentum equation Theory: Momentum equation and its derivation from simple principles. Viscosity and Newtonian law of viscous friction. Navier-–Stokes equation for the motion of a viscous fluid. Stokes equation of slow laminar flow of highly viscous incompressible fluid and its application to geodynamics. Simplification of the Stokes equation in case of constant viscosity and its relation to the Poisson equation. Exercises: Deriving momentum equation. Computing velocity for magma flow in a channel. Week 9: Viscous rheology of rocks Theory: Solid-state creep of minerals and rocks as themajor mechanism of deformation of the Earth’s interior. Dislocation and diffusion creep mechanisms. Rheological equations for minerals and rocks. Effective viscosity and its dependence on temperature, pressure and strain rate. Formulation of the effective viscosity from empirical flow laws. Exercise: Deriving viscous rheological equations for computing effective viscosities from empirical flow laws. Weeks 10,11: The heat conservation equation Theory: Fourier’s law of heat conduction. Heat conservation equation and its derivation. Radioactive, viscous and adiabatic heating and their relative importance. Heat conservation equation for the case of a constant thermal conductivity and its relation to the Poisson equation. Exercises: Computing of heat fluxes. Deriving equation for steady state temperature profile in a magmatic channel. Week 12,13: Elasticity and plasticity Theory: Elastic rheology. Maxwell viscoelastic rheology. Plastic rheology. Plastic yielding criterion. Plastic flow potential. Plastic flow rule. Exercise: compute viscoelastic stress evolution. Week 14: Fluid flow in deforming porous media. Darcy equation for fluid percolation. Derivation of Darcy equation from Stokes equation for channel flow. Dependence of permeability on porosity and grain size. Coupled hydro-mechanical momentum and continuity equations for solid matrix and percolating fluid. Fluid and solid Lagrangian reference frames. GRADING will be based on honeworks (1/3) and oral exam (2/3). | |||||
| Skript | Script and Exam questions are available by request tgerya@ethz.ch | |||||
| Literatur | Taras Gerya Introduction to Numerical Geodynamic Modelling. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2019 | |||||
| 651-4130-00L | Mathematical Methods | W+ | 3 KP | 2G | A. Kuvshinov, A. Grayver | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | The course guides students in learning mathematical machinery used to solve various physical problems. Special attention is paid to the analytical methods to solve partial differential equations describing physical processes such as heat transfer, electromagnetic induction, wave propagation, among others. | |||||
| Lernziel | The goal of this course is to refresh and deepen students’ knowledge in mathematical methods relevant to the problems arising in solid Earth physics. | |||||
| Inhalt | The provisional subjects covered in this course are as follows: (i) Vector calculus, vector identities, Parametric Curves and Surfaces (ii) Calculus in curvilinear coordinates, Spherical and Cylindrical bases (iii) Partial Differential Equations, Laplace equation, Helmholtz equation, Separation of variables, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, spherical harmonic analysis (iv) Special functions: Delta function, Heaviside function, Bessel functions, Green’s functions (v) Tensors, Einstein notation, tensor algebra Note: the actual content of the course may have slight deviations from the stated list. | |||||
| Skript | Current lecture notes and homeworks will be found during the course at www.polybox.ethz.ch | |||||
| Literatur | 1. E. Kreyszig, "Advanced engineering mathematics" 2. M. Boas, "Mathematical methods in the physical science" 3. K.F. Riley, M. P. Hobson, S. J. Bence, "Mathematical methods for physics and engineering" 4. R. Snieder, "A guided tour of mathematical methods for the physical sciences" | |||||
| Wahlpflichtmodule Geophysics | ||||||
| Seismology | ||||||
| Nummer | Titel | Typ | ECTS | Umfang | Dozierende | |
| 651-4014-00L | Seismic Waves II | W+ | 3 KP | 2G | T. Diehl, F. Lanza, A. Obermann | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | This course provides an overview on the most widely used seismological methods to image the Earth’s interior with a focus on crustal and upper-mantle structures. Topics include controlled source methods such as refraction and wide-angle reflection, as well as passive body-wave and surface-wave based methods. The course will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each method. | |||||
| Lernziel | Understand the strengths and weaknesses of various active and passive tomographic methods to image the structure of the Earth. | |||||
| Literatur | -Stein, S., Wysession, M., & Stein, S. (Ed.) (2003). Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure. Blackwell Publishing. -Lay, T. and T. C. Wallace, Modern Global Seismology, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995. A very basic seismology textbook. Chapters 2 through 4 provide a useful introduction to the contents of this course. -Menke, W., Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory, revised edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 1989. A very complete textbook on inverse theory in geophysics. -Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes, Cambridge University Press. The art of scientific computing. -Aki, K. and P. G. Richards, Quantitative Seismology, second edition, University Science Books, Sausalito, 2002. The most standard textbook in seismology, for grad students and advanced undergraduates. -Dahlen, F. A. and J. Tromp, Theoretical Global Seismology, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1998. A very good book, suited for advanced graduate students with a strong math background. -Kennett B.L.N., The Seismic Wavefield. Volume I: Introduction and Theoretical Development (2001). Volume II: Interpretation of Seismograms on Regional and Global Scales (2002). Cambridge University Press. -Trefethen, L. N. and D. Bau III, Numerical Linear Algebra, Soc. for Ind. and Appl. Math., Philadelphia, 1997. A textbook on the numerical solution of large linear inverse problems, designed for advanced math undergraduates. | |||||
| 651-4015-00L | Earthquakes I: Seismotectonics | W+ | 3 KP | 2G | A. P. Rinaldi, T. Diehl | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | If you're interested in knowing more about the relationship between seismicity and plate tectonics, this is the course for you. (If you're not that interested, but your program of study requires that you complete this course, this is also the course for you.) | |||||
| Lernziel | The aim of the course is to obtain a basic understanding of the physical process behind earthquakes and their basic mathematical description. By the conclusion of this course, we hope that you will be able to: - describe the relationship between earthquakes and plate tectonics in a more sophisticated and complete way - explain earthquake source representations of varying complexity; - address earthquakes in the context of different tectonic settings; - explain the statistical behaviour of global earthquakes - describe and connect the ingredients for a seismotectonic study | |||||
| Inhalt | The course features a series of 14 meetings, in which we review some fundamentals of continuum mechanics and tensor analysis required for a complete understanding of the relation between earthquakes and plate tectonics. Our goal is to help you understand deformation the small scale (fault) to the scale of plate tectonics. We will tell you about several ways to represent an earthquake source; we'll present these in order of increasing sophistication. You will enjoy (at least) a computer/class exercise and a guest lecture. Topics covered in the course include: review of stress and deformation in the Earth, stress and strain tensors, rheology and failure criteria, fault stresses, friction and effects of fluids earthquake focal mechanisms; relationship between stress fields and focal mechanisms; seismic moment and moment tensors; crustal deformation from seismic, geologic, and geodetic observations; earthquake stress drop, scaling, and source parameters; global earthquake distribution; current global earthquake activity; different seismotectonic regions; examples of earthquake activity in different tectonic settings. | |||||
| Skript | Course notes will be made available on a designated course web site. Most of the topics discussed in the course are available in the book mentioned below. | |||||
| Literatur | S. Stein and M. Wyssession, An introduction to seismology, earthquakes and earth structure, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, USA, (2003). | |||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Basic knowledge of continuum mechanics and rock mechanics, as well as notion of tensor analysis is strongly suggested. We recommend to have taken the course Continuum Mechanics (generally taught during the Fall semester). This course will be taught in fall 2017 and it will be followed by Earthquakes 2: Source Physics in Spring 2018. The course will be evaluated in a final written test covering the topics discussed during the lectures. The course will be worth 3 credit points, and a satisfactory total grade (4 or better) is needed to obtain 3 ECTS. The course will be given in English. | |||||
| 651-4021-00L | Engineering Seismology | W+ | 3 KP | 2G | D. Fäh, V. Perron | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | This course is a general introduction to the methods of seismic hazard analysis. It provides an overview of the input data and the tools in deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, and discusses the related uncertainties. | |||||
| Lernziel | This course is a general introduction to the methods of seismic hazard analysis. | |||||
| Inhalt | In the course it is explained how the disciplines of seismology, geology, strong-motion geophysics, and earthquake engineering contribute to the evaluation of seismic hazard. It provides an overview of the input data and the tools in deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, and discusses the related uncertainties. The course includes the discussion related to Intensity and macroseismic scales, historical seismicity and earthquake catalogues, ground motion parameters used in earthquake engineering, definitions of the seismic source, ground motion attenuation, site effects and microzonation, and the use of numerical tools to estimate ground motion parameters, both in a deterministic and probabilistic sense. During the course recent earthquakes and their impacts are discussed and related to existing hazard assessments for the areas of interest. | |||||
| Physics of the Earth's Interior | ||||||
| Nummer | Titel | Typ | ECTS | Umfang | Dozierende | |
| 651-4010-00L | Planetary Physics and Chemistry | W+ | 3 KP | 2G | P. Tackley | |
| Kurzbeschreibung | This course aims to give a physical understanding of the formation, structure, dynamics and evolution of planetary bodies in our solar system and also apply it to ongoing discoveries regarding planets around other stars. | |||||
| Lernziel | The goal of this course is to enable students to understand current knowledge and uncertainties regarding the formation, structure, dynamics and evolution of planets and moons in our solar system, as well as ongoing discoveries regarding planets around other stars. Students will practice making quantitative calculations relevant to various aspects of these topics through weekly homeworks. The main topics covered are: Orbital dynamics and Tides, Solar heating and Energy transport, Planetary atmospheres, Planetary surfaces, Planetary interiors, Asteroids and Meteorites, Comets, Planetary rings, Magnetic fields and Magnetospheres, The Sun and Stars, Planetary formation, Exoplanets and Exobiology | |||||
| Skript | Slides and scripts will be posted on Moodle. | |||||
| Literatur | It is recommended but not mandatory to buy one of these books: Fundamental Planetary Science, by Jack J. Lissauer & Imke de Pater (paperback), Cambridge University Press, 2013.. Planetary Sciences, 2nd edition, by Imke de Pater & Jack J. Lissauer (hardback), Cambridge University Press, 2010. | |||||
| Applied Geophysics | ||||||
| Applied Geophysics: Obligatorische Fächer Die obligatorischen Fächer finden im Frühjahrssemester statt. | ||||||
| Applied Geophysics: Wahlpflichtfächer Die obligatorischen Fächer finden im Frühjahrssemester statt. | ||||||
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