Suchergebnis: Katalogdaten im Herbstsemester 2021
Science, Technology, and Policy Master  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Naturwissenschaftlich-technische Ergänzung | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Umwelt und Ressourcen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nummer | Titel | Typ | ECTS | Umfang | Dozierende | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 103-0347-00L | Landscape Planning and Environmental Systems  | W | 3 KP | 2V | A. Grêt-Regamey | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | Im Kurs werden die Methoden zur Erfassung und Messung der Landschaftseigenschaften, sowie Massnahmen und Umsetzung in der Landschaftsplanung vermittelt. Die Landschaftsplanung wird in den Kontext der Umweltsysteme (Boden, Wasser, Luft, Klima, Pflanzen und Tiere) gestellt und hinsichtlich gesellschaftspolitischer Zukunftsfragen diskutiert. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | Ziele der Vorlesung sind: 1) Der Begriff Landschaftsplanung, die ökonomische Bedeutung von Landschaft und Natur im Kontext der Umweltsysteme (Boden, Wasser, Luft, Klima, Pflanzen und Tiere) erläutern. 2) Die Landschaftsplanung als umfassendes Informationssystem zur Koordination verschiedener Instrumente aufzeigen, indem die Ziele, Methoden, die Instrumente und deren Funktion in der Landschaftsplanung erläutert werden. 3) Die Leistungen von Ökosystemen verdeutlichen. 4) Die Grundlageninformationen über Natur und Landschaft aufzeigen: Analyse und Bewertung des komplexen Wirkungsgefüges aller Landschaftsfaktoren, Auswirkungen vorhandener und absehbaren Raumnutzungen (Naturgüter und Landschaftsfunktionen). 5) Die Erfassung und Messung der Eigenschaften der Landschaft. 6) Zweckmässiger Einsatz von GIS für die Landschaftsplanung kennen lernen. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | In dieser Vorlesung werden folgende Themen behandelt: - Definition Landschaft, Landschaftsbegriff - Lanschaftsstrukturmasse - Landschaftswandel - Landschaftsplanung - Methoden, Instrumente und Ziele in der Landschaftsplanung (Politik) - Gesellschaftspolitische Zukunftsfragen - Umweltsysteme, ökologische Vernetzung - ökosystemleistungen - Urbane Landschaftsdienstleistungen - Praxis der Landschaftsplanung - Einsatz von GIS in der Landschaftsplanung | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Kein Skript. Die Unterlagen, bestehend aus Präsentationsunterlagen der einzelnen Referate werden teilweise abgegeben und stehen auf Moodle zum Download bereit. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Die Inhalte der Vorlesung werden in der zugehörigen Lehrveranstaltung 103-0347-01 U (Landscape Planning and Environmental Systems (GIS Exercises)) verdeutlicht. Eine entsprechende Kombination der Lehrveranstaltungen wird empfohlen. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kompetenzen |
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| 651-4057-00L | Climate History and Palaeoclimatology | W | 3 KP | 2G | H. Stoll, I. Hernández Almeida, H. Zhang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | Climate history and paleoclimatology explores how the major features of the earth's climate system have varied in the past, and the driving forces and feedbacks for these changes. The major topics include the earth's CO2 concentration and mean temperature, the size and stability of ice sheets and sea level, the amount and distribution of precipitation, and the ocean heat transport. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | The student will be able to describe the natural factors lead to variations in the earth's mean temperature, the growth and retreat of ice sheets, and variations in ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns, including feedback processes. Students will be able to interpret evidence of past climate changes from the main climate indicators or proxies recovered in geological records. Students will be able to use data from climate proxies to test if a given hypothesized mechanism for the climate change is supported or refuted. Students will be able to compare the magnitudes and rates of past changes in the carbon cycle, ice sheets, hydrological cycle, and ocean circulation, with predictions for climate changes over the next century to millennia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | 1. Overview of elements of the climate system and earth energy balance 2. The Carbon cycle - long and short term regulation and feedbacks of atmospheric CO2. What regulates atmospheric CO2 over long tectonic timescales of millions to tens of millions of years? What are the drivers and feedbacks of transient perturbations like at the latest Palocene? What drives CO2 variations over glacial cycles and what drives it in the Anthropocene? 3. Ice sheets and sea level - What do expansionist glaciers want? What is the natural range of variation in the earth's ice sheets and the consequent effect on sea level? How do cyclic variations in the earth's orbit affect the size of ice sheets under modern climate and under past warmer climates? What conditions the mean size and stability or fragility of the large polar ice caps and is their evidence that they have dynamic behavior? What rates and magnitudes of sea level change have accompanied past ice sheet variations? When is the most recent time of sea level higher than modern, and by how much? What lessons do these have for the future? 4. Atmospheric circulation and variations in the earth's hydrological cycle - How variable are the earth's precipitation regimes? How large are the orbital scale variations in global monsoon systems? Will mean climate change El Nino frequency and intensity? What factors drive change in mid and high-latitude precipitation systems? Is there evidence that changes in water availability have played a role in the rise, demise, or dispersion of past civilizations? 5. The Ocean heat transport - How stable or fragile is the ocean heat conveyor, past and present? When did modern deepwater circulation develop? Will Greenland melting and shifts in precipitation bands, cause the North Atlantic Overturning Circulation to collapse? When and why has this happened before? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 701-1341-00L | Water Resources and Drinking Water | W | 3 KP | 2G | S. Hug, M. Berg, F. Hammes, U. von Gunten | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | The course covers qualitative (chemistry and microbiology) and quantitative aspects of drinking water from the resource to the tap. Natural processes, anthropogenic pollution, legislation of groundwater and surface water and of drinking water as well as water treatment will be discussed for industrialized and developing countries. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | The goal of this lecture is to give an overview over the whole path of drinking water from the source to the tap and understand the involved physical, chemical and biological processes which determine the drinking water quality. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | The course covers qualitative (chemistry and microbiology) and quantitative aspects of drinking water from the resource to the tap. The various water resources, particularly groundwater and surface water, are discussed as part of the natural water cycle influenced by anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industry, urban water systems. Furthermore legislation related to water resources and drinking water will be discussed. The lecture is focused on industrialized countries, but also addresses global water issues and problems in the developing world. Finally unit processes for drinking water treatment (filtration, adsorption, oxidation, disinfection etc.) will be presented and discussed. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Handouts will be distributed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | Will be mentioned in handouts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 701-1677-00L | Quantitative Vegetation Dynamics: Models from Tree to Globe | W | 3 KP | 3G | H. Lischke, U. Hiltner, B. Rohner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | This course provides hands-on experience with models of vegetation dynamics across temporal and spatial scales. The underlying principles, assets and trade-offs of the different approaches are introduced, and students work in a number of small projects with these models to gain first-hand experience. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | Students will - be able to understand, assess and evaluate the fundamental properties of dynamic systems using vegetation models as case studies - obtain an overview of dynamic modelling techniques from the individual plant to the global level - understand the basic assumptions of the various model types, which dictate the skill and limitations of the respective model - be able to work with such model types on their own - appreciate the methodological basis for impact assessments of future climate change and other environmental changes on ecosystems. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | Models of individuals - Deriving single-plant models from inventory measurements - Plant models based on 'first principles' Models at the stand scale - Simple approaches: matrix models - Competition for light and other resources as central mechanisms - Individual-based stand models: distance-dependent and distance-independent - Theoretical models Models at the landscape scale - Simple approaches: cellular automata - Dispersal and disturbances (windthrow, fire, bark beetles) as key mechanisms - Landscape models Global models - Sacrificing local detail to attain global coverage: processes and entities - Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) - DGVMs as components of Earth System Models | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Handouts will be available in the course and for download | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | Will be indicated at the beginning of the course | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | - Basic training in modelling and systems analysis - Basic knowledge of programming, ideally in R - Good knowledge of general ecology, vegetation dynamics, and forest systems | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 651-4097-00L | Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I | W | 3 KP | 2G | R. Kündig | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | Die wichtigsten Rohstoffgruppen werden aus geologisch-petrographischer Sicht beleuchtet. Die industrielle und technische Rohstoffnutzung sowie wirtschaftliche und rohstoffpolitische Zusammenhänge werden erläutert. Das Verständnis für Umweltaspekte im Zusammenhang mit der Rohstoffnutzung wird gefördert. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | Die Studierenden sollen die wichtigsten mineralischen Rohstoffgruppen aus geologisch-petrographischer Sicht verstehen und die Rohstoffnutzung, insbesondere die industrielle und technische Verwertung/Bedeutung sowie wirtschaftliche und rohstoffpolitische Zusammenhänge kennen lernen. Das Verständnis für verschiedene Umweltaspekte im Zusammenhang mit der Rohstoffnutzung wird gefördert. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | Der Unterricht beinhaltet neben Vorlesungen auch Fallbeispiele und Exkursionen (Industirie, rohstoffverarbeitende Betriebe). Herbstsemester -> Applied mineralogy and non-metallic ressources I: Vorkommen, Gewinnung und Anwendung mineralischer Rohstoffe - klassische und unkonventionelle Rohstoffe. Neue Technologien. Industrielle Anwendungen. Weltmarktsituation, Rohstoffländer. Vorräte, mögliche Verknappung. Umweltaspekte (inkl. Belastungen) durch Abbau und Anwendung. Lektionen/Rohstoffgruppen: Kohle und Kohlenstoff (Kohle, Graphit, Diamant); Erdöl, Erdgas (Oelsande; Teerschiefer); Phosphate/Nitrate (Dünger); Aluminium (Bauxit, Korund); Steinsalz; Kalziumkarbonate; Titanoxide; Borminerale; Tone und Tonminerale; Schwefel; Anhydrit/Gips; Baryt; Fluorit; Asbest; Talk; Glimmer; seltene Erden. Frühlingssemester -> Applied mineralogy and non-metallic ressources II: Steine und Erden (Kies, Sand, Splitt), Natursteine, Zementrohstoffe. Lektionen/Rohstoffgruppen: Fallbeispiele in angewandter Mineralogie (Sanierungen, Projektplanung, reaktive Bohrpfähle); Natursteine (Definitionen, Steinbrüche, Industrie, Produkte und Anforderungen); Zement und Beton (Rohstoffe, Prospektion, Herstellung, Umwelt); Gebrochene Festgesteine (Planung/Umwelt, Langzeitsicherung, Rohstoffpolitik, veränderte Wahrnehmung von Rohstoffen); Exkursion(en). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Wird zu den einzelnen Rohstoffarten und entsprechend Methode als Beilagen abgegeben. Skript in Textform und Auswahl von Powerpoint-Folien als Grafiken. Teilweiser Einbezug von e-learning Methoden. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | - Walter L. Pohl (2011): Economic Geology - Principles and Practice. Wiley-Blackwell, 664 p., ISBN 978-1-4443-3663-4 - Harben, P.W. (2002): The Industrial Minerals Handybook. A Guide to Markets, Specifications & Prices. Industrial Mineral Information, London 412 S., ISBN 1-904333-04-4 - Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission (1996): Die mineralischen Rohstoffe der Schweiz.- Herausgegeben von der Schw. Geotech. Komm., Zürich, 522 S., ISBN 3-907997-00-X - Geotechnische Karte der Schweiz 1:200 000, 2. Aufl. Schweiz. Geotechn. Komm. - Trueb, L.F. (1996): Die chemischen Elemente - Ein Streifzug durch das Periodensystem. S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart, 416 S., ISBN 3-7776-0674-X - Kesler, S. E. (1994): Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment.- Macmillan College Publishing Company, Inc., New York., 392 S., ISBN 0-02-362842-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 701-1346-00L | Carbon Mitigation Number of participants limited to 100 Priority is given to the target groups: Bachelor and Master Environmental Sciences and PHD Environmental Sciences until September 21st,2021. Waiting list will be deleted October 1st, 2021. | W | 3 KP | 2G | N. Gruber | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | Future climate change can only kept within reasonable bounds when CO2 emissions are drastically reduced. In this course, we will discuss a portfolio of options involving the alteration of natural carbon sinks and carbon sequestration. The course includes introductory lectures, presentations from guest speakers from industry and the public sector, and final presentations by the students. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | The goal of this course is to investigate, as a group, a particular set of carbon mitigation/sequestration options and to evaluate their potential, their cost, and their consequences. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | From the large number of carbon sequestration/mitigation options, a few options will be selected and then investigated in detail by the students. The results of this research will then be presented to the other students, the involved faculty, and discussed in detail by the whole group. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | Will be identified based on the chosen topic. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Exam: No final exam. Pass/No-Pass is assigned based on the quality of the presentation and ensuing discussion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 103-0347-01L | Landscape Planning and Environmental Systems (GIS Exercises) | W | 3 KP | 2U | A. Grêt-Regamey, C. Brouillet, N. Klein | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | Im Kurs werden die Inhalte der Vorlesung Landschaftsplanung und Umweltsysteme (103-0347-00 V) verdeutlicht. Die verschiedenen Aspekte (z.B. Habitatmodellierung, ökosystemleistungen, Landnutzungsänderung, Vernetzung) werden in einzelnen GIS Übungen praktisch erarbeitet. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | - Praktische Anwendung der theoretischen Grundlagen aus der Vorlesung - Quantitative Erfassung und Bewertung der Eigenschaften der Landschaft durchführen - Zweckmässiger Einsatz von GIS für die Landschaftsplanung kennen - Anhand von Fallbeispielen Massnahmen der Landschaftsplanung erarbeiten | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | - Einsatz von GIS in der Landschaftsplanung - Landschaftsanalyse - Landschaftsstrukturmasse - Modellierung von Habitaten und Landnutzungsänderungen - Berechnung urbaner Landschaftsdienstleistungen - ökologische Vernetzung | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Skripte und Präsentationsunterlagen für jede Übung werden auf Moodle zur Verfügung gestellt. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | Wird in der Veranstaltung genannt. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | GIS-Grundkenntisse sind von Vorteil. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kompetenzen |
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| 701-1253-00L | Analysis of Climate and Weather Data Findet dieses Semester nicht statt. | W | 3 KP | 2G | C. Frei | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | An introduction into methods of statistical data analysis in meteorology and climatology. Applications of hypothesis testing, extreme value analysis, evaluation of deterministic and probabilistic predictions, principal component analysis. Participants understand the theoretical concepts and purpose of methods, can apply them independently and know how to interpret results professionally. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | Students understand the theoretical foundations and probabilistic concepts of advanced analysis tools in meteorology and climatology. They can conduct such analyses independently, and they develop an attitude of scrutiny and an awareness of uncertainty when interpreting results. Participants improve skills in understanding technical literature that uses modern statistical data analyses. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | The course introduces several advanced methods of statistical data analysis frequently used in meteorology and climatology. It introduces the thoretical background of the methods, illustrates their application with example datasets, and discusses complications from assumptions and uncertainties. Generally, the course shall empower students to conduct data analysis thoughtfully and to interprete results critically. Topics covered: exploratory methods, hypothesis testing, analysis of climate trends, measuring the skill of deterministic and probabilistic predictions, analysis of extremes, principal component analysis and maximum covariance analysis. The course is divided into lectures and computer workshops. Hands-on experimentation with example data shall encourage students in the practical application of methods and train professional interpretation of results. R (a free software environment for statistical computing) will be used during the workshop. A short introduction into R will be provided during the course. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Documentation and supporting material: - slides used during the lecture - excercise sets and solutions - R-packages with software and example datasets for workshop sessions All material is made available via the lecture web-page. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | For complementary reading: - Wilks D.S., 2011: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Science. (3rd edition). Academic Press Inc., Elsevier LTD (Oxford) - Coles S., 2001: An introduction to statistical modeling of extreme values. Springer, London. 208 pp. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Prerequisites: Basics in exploratory data analysis, probability calculus and statistics (incl linear regression) (e.g. Mathematik IV: Statistik (401-0624-00L) and Mathematik VI: Angewandte Statistik für Umweltnaturwissenschaften (701-0105-00L)). Some experience in programming (ideally in R). Some elementary background in atmospheric physics and climatology. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 701-1551-00L | Sustainability Assessment Number of participants limited to 35. Waiting list will be deleted October 1st, 2021. No enrollment possible after October 1st, 2021. | W | 3 KP | 2G | P. Krütli, D. Nef | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | The course teaches concepts and methodologies of sustainability assessment. A special focus is given to the social dimension and to social justice as a guiding principle of sustainability. The format of the course is seminar-like, interactive. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | At the end of the course, students: - know core concepts of sustainable development, main features of social justice in the context of sustainability, a selection of methodologies for the assessment of sustainable development - have a deepened understanding of the challenges of trade-offs between the different dimensions of sustainable development and their respective impacts on individual and societal decision-making | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | The course is structured as follows: - overview of rationale, objectives, concepts and origins of sustainable development (approx. 15%) - overview of the concept of social justice as guiding principle of the social dimension of sustainability (approx. 20%) - analysis of a selection of concepts and methodologies to assess sustainable development in a variety of contexts (approx. 65%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Handouts are provided | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literatur | Selected scientific articles and book-chapters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Students of this course may also be interested in the course transdisciplinary case study (tdCS) in the Spring semester (701-1502-00L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kompetenzen |
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| 701-1257-00L | European Climate Change | W | 3 KP | 2G | C. Schär, J. Rajczak, S. C. Scherrer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kurzbeschreibung | The lecture provides an overview of climate change in Europe, from a physical and atmospheric science perspective. It covers the following topics: • observational datasets, observation and detection of climate change; • underlying physical processes and feedbacks; • numerical and statistical approaches; • currently available projections. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lernziel | At the end of this course, participants should: • understand the key physical processes shaping climate change in Europe; • know about the methodologies used in climate change studies, encompassing observational, numerical, as well as statistical approaches; • be familiar with relevant observational and modeling data sets; • be able to tackle simple climate change questions using available data sets. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inhalt | Contents: • global context • observational data sets, analysis of climate trends and climate variability in Europe • global and regional climate modeling • statistical downscaling • key aspects of European climate change: intensification of the water cycle, Polar and Mediterranean amplification, changes in extreme events, changes in hydrology and snow cover, topographic effects • projections of European and Alpine climate change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skript | Slides and lecture notes will be made available at http://www.iac.ethz.ch/edu/courses/master/electives/european-climate-change.html | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voraussetzungen / Besonderes | Participants should have a background in natural sciences, and have attended introductory lectures in atmospheric sciences or meteorology. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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